Background injustice and genuine choice operate very differently across patients, and any plausible theory of justice in healthcare must account for this contrast. How do we allocate care without leaving anyone behind?

Parental permission is required in pediatric clinical research because parents act as fiduciaries for their children. Their role is to protect the child, who is not autonomous, and to ensure that the child's welfare is prioritized over the aims of research.

While we should uphold the view that disabled bodies are simply different and deserving of social acceptance, the more intricate issue is whether and when it is permissible to intervene in cases where a body is not just different, but fundamentally at odds with its own capacities and sense of agency.